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Elements 110 amd 111 are: Ds = darmstadtium and Rg = Roentgenium.
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Names for elements 104 to 109 are: Ru = rutherfordium, Db = dubnium, Sg = seaborgium, Bh = bohrium, Hs = hassium, and Mt = meitnerium. The names that go along with the symbols of the elements from 93 to 109 are: Np = neptunium, Pu = plutonium, Am = americium, Cm = curium, Bk = berkelium, Cf = californium, Es = einsteinium, Fm = fermium, Md = mendelevium, No = nobelium, and Lr = lawrencium. The actinides and all of the transuranium elements fit in periods 6 and 7 on the Periodic Table. (The road signs between 92 and 103 read both Actinide Road and Transuranium Highway.) Actinide Road runs from milepost 89 to 103, so it overlaps the middle of the 92 to 116 transuranium trip.
#2 STORY ADDITION WITH B AS ELEMENT SERIES#
As one begins the trip at 92, however, one realizes that the element is three mile-posts into another series of elements that began back at milepost 89: the actinides.
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Scientists can think of the atomic numbers of the transuranium elements as mileposts along a Transuranium Highway that begins at uranium (mile-post 92) and runs onward into transuranium country as far as milepost 116. Transuranium elements and the periodic table Uniting them is their history of discovery and their radioactivity, more than their chemical properties. The transuranium elements are often treated as a family, not because their properties are closely related (although some of them are), but only because they represent the latest, post-1940 extension of the periodic table. Also like any other series of elements, they must fit into the periodic table in positions that match their atomic numbers and electronic structures.
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Like any series of elements, the transuranium elements have similarities and differences in their chemical properties. Making new transuranium elements has been only a small part of it. Using nuclear reactions in cyclotrons and other atom smashing machines, nuclear chemists and physicists over the years have learned a great deal about the atomic nucleus and the fundamental particles that make up the universe. Such processes are called nuclear reactions. Shooting light atoms at heavy atoms has turned out to be the main method for producing even heavier atoms far beyond uranium. In the resulting nuclear smashup, maybe some protons from the bullet nuclei would stick in some of the hit target nuclei, thereby transforming them into nuclei of higher atomic numbers. The cyclotron could speed up protons or ions (charged atoms) of other elements to high energies and fire them at atoms of uranium (or any other element) like machine-gun bullets at a target. Lawrence (1901 –1958) at the University of California at Berkeley. There was no way to add protons to nuclei, though, until the invention of the cyclotron in the early 1930s by American nuclear physicist Ernest O. However, in order to make an atom of an element with an atomic number higher than uranium which has 92 protons in its nucleus, scientists would have to add protons to its nucleus one added proton would make an atom of element number 93, two added protons would make element 94, and so on. If scientists could create atoms of elements beyond uranium, however, perhaps they would be stable enough to hang around long enough to study. In fact, uranium itself has a half-life that is just about equal to the age of Earth (4.5 billion years), so only one-half of all the uranium that was present when Earth was formed is still here. Therefore, still heavier ones would probably be so unstable that they could not have lasted for the billions of years that Earth has existed, even if they were present when Earth was formed. Uranium and several even lighter elements -all those with atomic numbers higher than 83 (bismuth) -were already radioactive. The reasoning went like this: Heavy atoms are heavy because of their heavy nuclei, and heavy nuclei are unstable, or radioactive they spontaneously transform themselves into other elements. The general assumption was that no heavier elements could exist on the planet Earth. In chemistry, a transuranium (beyond uranium (U)) element, sometimes also called a transuranic element, is any of the chemical elements with atomic numbers higher than 92, which is the atomic number of uranium.Įver since the eighteenth century when chemists began to recognize certain substances as chemical elements, uranium had been the element with the highest atomic weight it had the heaviest atoms of all the elements that could be found on the Earth. $$ \begin.Transuranium elements and the periodic table If I add a scalar to every element of a matrix, e.g.